通用军事装备(COMMON MILITARY EQUIPMENT)
刺刀(Bayonet)
所有配发了步枪的军人也配发了刺刀。实际上,刺刀更多的是用来打开罐头,而不是用来刺入敌人体内。刺刀有三种形式:军刀(刀长于6英寸/15厘米)、刀(刀短于6英寸/15厘米)和刺。
(All servicemen issued with a service rifle are also issued with the accompanying bayonet. In reality, the bayonet is used more for opening tin cans than sticking the enemy. Bayonets come in three forms: sabre (blade longer than 6”/15cm), knife (blade less than 6”/15cm), and spike.)
靴子(Boots)
通常大多数部队都是用用钉子钉住的高帮靴。德国人是发行长统靴是个例外,但由于战时短缺,短靴和脚尖靴被替换它们。伞兵装备“跳伞靴”,在降落伞降落时为脚踝提供更大的支撑,被穿坏的“跳伞靴”被视为荣誉勋章。坦克队员穿的靴子很容易脱。那些在空军的人会穿着羊皮衬里的靴子保暖,后来由英国皇家空军提供的版本被称为“逃生靴”,其上部可分离,以便转换为平民风格的鞋,供被击落的飞行员使用。
(Often hob-nailed, most forces issue ankle-height boots. The Germans are the exception in issuing jackboots but, as wartime shortages bite, ankle boots and puttees are issued in their place. Paratroopers are issued “jump boots” which provide greater support for the ankles when making parachute landings, and are worn as a badge of honour. Tank crews wear boots that are easy to take off. Those in the air are issued with sheepskin-lined boots for warmth, and later versions provided by the RAF are known as “escape boots”, where the upper portion detaches to enable conversion into civilian-style shoes for downed airmen.)
工兵铲(Entrenching Tool)
几乎所有人都骂它太重,太笨重,工兵铲被用来建立散兵坑和战壕,因此是至关重要的,特别是如果你是在炮击中。德国、美国和英国的工兵铲都有折叠或独立的手柄。在手对手的战斗中锐利的工兵铲也可以作为可怕的近战武器。
(Almost universally reviled as too heavy and cumbersome, entrenching tools are used to create foxholes and trenches, and thus are vital, especially if you are in the middle of an artillery bombardment. German, American, and British tools all have either a folding or separate handle. Sharpened entrenching tools can also be used as fearsome melee weapons in hand-to-hand combat.)
急救箱(First Aid Kits)
所有军人都有个人急救箱,在受伤时自己使用,在丧失能力时由他人使用。美国军队的织带上有一个特殊的袋子,里面有带有绷带敷料和抗菌粉,而英国人的右前口袋里装着野战敷料,后口袋里装着贝壳敷料。德国人把大大小小的野战敷料放在上衣口袋里。
(All servicemen are issued with personal first aid kits, to be used by themselves in the event of injury or by others if they are incapacitated. American troops have a bandage dressing and antibacterial powder in a special pouch on their webbing, whereas the British carry a field dressing in their front right pocket, and a shell dressing in their back pocket. The Germans carry large and small field dressings in their inside tunic pocket.)
在登陆日及以后的日子里,美国军队得到了额外的急救箱,包括伤口敷料、吗啡糖浆、抗菌药片和药粉以及止血带。这通常附在士兵的头盔上。美国空勤人员在降落伞上也戴着同样的急救包。
(For the D-Day landings and later, American troops are issued with an additional first aid kit, consisting of a wound dressing, a morphine syrette, antibacterial tablets and powder, and a tourniquet. This is often attached to the soldier’s helmet. American aircrew wear the same first aid pack on their parachutes.)
医务人员随身带着专门的袋子,里面有伤口敷料、绷带、外科胶布、剪刀、安全别针、碘酒、烧伤和眼外伤治疗以及其他类似的战场医疗用品。
(Medics carry specialised bags containing wound dressings, bandages, adhesive surgical plaster, scissors, safety pins, iodine, burn and eye injury treatment and other assorted battlefield medical supplies.)
【Cth】如果在尝试治疗伤口时使用军用急救箱,急救技能卷被归类为简单。
(A First Aid skill roll is classed as Easy if using a military first aid kit when attempting to treat a wound.)
【Sav】当一名调查员试图治疗伤口时,如果使用军用急救箱,他在治疗鉴定上得到+2的加成。
(An Investigator gets +2 on his Healing roll if using a military first aid kit when attempting to treat a wound.)
帽子(Headgear)
在战场上、海上和空中,钢盔被用来防止弹壳碎片和其他碎片碎片。然而,大多数在战斗距离内射击的子弹都会穿透头盔。
(On the battlefield, at sea, and in the air, steel helmets are issued to protect against shell splinters and other fragmentation debris. However, most bullets fired at combat range will penetrate a helmet.)
战场外都戴着的是贝雷帽、帽子和军官帽。英国发行的军帽或贝雷帽;美国有各种驻军帽和帽檐帽,最受欢迎的是针织的帽檐“吉普”帽。德国人发布了尖顶野地帽和服务帽。军官戴上的是尖顶帽,但是一种软的,或者说是破碎的帽子,普遍受到初级军官、飞行员和潜艇指挥官的欢迎。
(Off the battlefield berets, caps, and officers’ hats are worn. The British issue service caps or berets; the US a variety of garrison and visored caps, the most popular being the knitted, visored “Jeep” cap. The Germans issue peaked field caps and service caps. Officers’ peaked caps are worn, but a form of soft, or crusher, cap is universally popular with junior officers, pilots, and U-boat commanders.)
钢盔也发给警察、消防队员、空袭管理员和其他前线官员。
(Steel helmets are also issued to police officers, fire-fighters, air raid wardens, and other officials on the home front.)
照片:坦纳中尉,战争办公室官方摄影师-士兵
(Photo: Lt Tanner, War Office official photographer — Soldier)
演示1937模式网络-公共域图像。
(demonstrates 1937-pattern webbing — Public Domain image.)
身份标识(Identification Tags)
大多数军人都有两个身份标签,上面印有他们的姓氏、姓名首字母、服役编号、宗教信仰和血型。根据国籍的不同,标签是金属或纤维的。在军人死亡的情况下,一个标签留在尸体上,另一个被拆下,作为死亡通知发给士兵的指挥官。
(Most servicemen are issued with two identity tags which are stamped with their surname, initials, service number, religion, and blood group. The tags are metal or fibre depending on nationality. In the event of the serviceman’s death, one tag stays with the body and the other is detached and given to the soldier’s commanding officer as notification of death.)
口粮和烹饪(Rations & Cooking)
在营房里,军人在食堂吃饭。一旦进入野地,他们就由移动式野战厨房提供食物。但是,当部队无法到达野战厨房或厨房无法到达时,就只能食用三级口粮。
(Whilst in barracks, servicemen are fed in the canteen. Once in the field, they are fed by the mobile field kitchen. However there are three levels of rations issued for when the troops cannot get to the field kitchen, or the kitchen cannot get to them.)
口粮可以冷食或用固体燃料炉子加热,也可以用来泡茶和咖啡
(Rations can be eaten cold or heated using solid fuel field stoves, which can also be used for brewing tea and coffee)
美国C级口粮分为六个圆形罐头,里面有足够一天喂饱一名士兵的食物,分为M级单位(肉)和B级单位(面包和甜点)。他们还配备了一个配件包,里面有糖片、净水片、木勺、口香糖、香烟、防水火柴、开罐器和卫生纸。K口粮最初是为空勤人员和高速机动部队设计的,从1942年起取代了C口粮。它们按食物分类:早餐、晚餐和晚餐。配餐包括三块相当不好吃但热量很高的黑巧克力。五合一或十合一的口粮为特定数量的人员提供一日三餐。
(American C rations come in six round cans with enough food to feed one soldier for a day, broken down into M-units (meat) and B-units (bread and dessert). They also come with an accessory pack containing sugar tablets, water purification tablets, a wooden spoon, chewing gum, cigarettes, water-resistant matches, a can opener, and toilet paper. Originally designed for aircrew and more mobile troops, K rations replace C rations from 1942. They are broken down by meal: breakfast, dinner, and supper. The D ration consists of three bars of a fairly unpalatable but highly calorific dark chocolate. The 5-in-1 and 10-in-1 rations provide the specified number of men with three meals per day.)
英国的复合口粮共供应八人一天,并以金属罐装提供,其大小相当于英国四加仑(18升)汽油罐的大小。14人口粮同时供14个人食用,由各种罐装食品和包装食品组成。经常发行的是两包24小时口粮,从技术层面来讲,每包食物足够一个人吃一天。紧急口粮装在一个预先包装好的罐头里,里面只有巧克力坚果蛋糕、糖片、服务茶粉和火柴。
(British Compo rations feed eight men for one day, and are supplied in a metal tin approximately the size of a British four gallon (18 litre) petrol tin. The 14-man rations feed fourteen men for the same time period, and consist of a variety of tinned and packaged food. Two packs of 24-hour rations are often issued, containing technically enough food to feed a single man for one day per pack. Emergency rations come in a pre-packed tin, consisting of nothing more than a chocolate nut cake, sugar tablets, service tea powder, and matches.)
德国应急干粮(eiserne Portionen)由烤甜面包,薄脆饼干或薄脆面包,罐头肉,腌制/脱水蔬菜或豌豆香肠,埃斯塔兹干咖啡和盐组成。在战术行军之前或与敌人接近时发出,只有在有命令时才能食用。 像同盟国一样,这些紧急口粮包含高热量,含糖食品以及香烟,以提供短期的能量和士气提升。
(The German Iron Ration (eiserne Portionen) consists of baked sweetened bread, crackers or crispbread, canned meat, preserved/dehydrated vegetables or pea sausage, ersatz dried coffee, and salt. Issued prior to a tactical march or when about to close with the enemy, they can only be eaten when ordered to do so. The emergency rations, like those of the Allies, contain high-calory, sugary foodstuffs, as well as cigarettes, to provide a short-term energy and morale boost.)
表24:食物,光荣的食物(Table 24: Food, Glorious Food)
类型(Type) | 美国(American) | 英国(British) | 德国(German) |
24-48小时(24-48 hours) | 5合1/10合1口粮,C型野战口粮(5-in-1/10-in-1 Rations Field Ration, Type C) | 复合口粮/14人口粮(Compo Rations/ 14-man Rations) | 携带食物(全份)(eiserne Portionen) |
持续时间短(Short Duration) | K型野战口粮(Field Ration, Type K) | 24小时口粮(24-hour Rations) | 携带食物(半份)(halbeiserne Portionen) |
紧急情况(Emergency) | D型野战口粮(Field Ration, Type D) | 紧急配给Mk.I(Emergency Ration Mk. I) | 近距离战斗食物(Nahkampf- päcken) |
制服(Uniform)
所有参战国家都向其服务人员发放制服。在大多数情况下,这包括内衣和袜子、衬衫、束腰外衣或衬衫以及裤子。许多女人加入皇家海军女子服务队,因为它们发放是由时装设计作为标准的制服和长袜(这在平民生活中几乎是不可能得到的)。
(All combatant nations issue uniforms to their service personnel. In most cases this consists of underwear and socks, a shirt, tunic or blouse, and trousers. Many women join the Wrens because they are issued, as standard, a couture-designed uniform and stockings (which are virtually impossible to get hold of in civilian life).)
在需要的气候条件下工作时,会发放最具标志性的军装之一,即军大衣。在热带或沙漠战场中服役的部队发放热带或夏季制服。海军制服通常与陆军和空军的制服不同,特别是在等级服方面。
(One of the most iconic pieces of military clothing, the greatcoat, is issued when operating in climates that require it. A tropical or summer variant of the uniform is issued to troops serving on tropical or desert campaigns. Naval uniforms are generally distinct from those of the Army and Air Force, particularly with respect to those worn by ratings.)
除了各军种之间的差异外,在某一特定军种内,军官和其他军衔的制服通常也有所不同。根据其角色的不同,一些军种有不同的制服,最明显的是伞兵、坦克乘员和派遣骑手。空勤人员在高空飞行时穿着保暖的衣服,最著名的是著名的飞行夹克。
(As well as differences between the services, there are usually variations in uniform for officers and other ranks within a particular service. Some branches of the services have distinct uniforms as dictated by their role, the most obvious being paratroopers, tank crews, and despatch riders. Aircrews are issued with warm clothing for high altitude flight, most notably the famous flying jacket.)
通常要求军官自己支付制服费用,并要求他们有礼服与作战服装。只有德国和美国的其他级别的制服都穿着礼服或“出行装”。因此,出身名门的美国人在当地女性群体中的表现往往好于英国军队,因为英国军队只有战斗服可穿。
(Officers are generally required to pay for their own uniforms, and are expected to have a full-dress version as well as battledress. Only Germany and the United States have a full-dress or “walking out” version of their uniforms for the other ranks. Consequently the well turned-out Americans often fare better with the local female population than British troops, who only have their battledress to wear.)
由于战时短缺,德国制服的发展速度快于盟军制服。德国开始战争时是第一次世界大战式的外衣,但结束战争时就是仿制英国战服的更短版本。
(Germany starts the war with World War One-style tunics but ends it with simpler and shorter versions modelled on the British battledress.)
迷彩服出现在战争期间,由意大利人首创,共伞兵使用。德国空军的伞兵和武装党卫队也是早期的采用者,随后是国防军。到1944-1945年底,德国大部分军队至少都穿上了迷彩外衣或斗篷。英国人以伞兵、突击队和SAS穿的丹尼森衬衫作为回应。美国在迷彩服方面的经验主要局限于太平洋战区的美国海军陆战队。
(Camouflage uniforms appear during the war, where they are pioneered by the Italians and used by their paratroops. The German Luftwaffe’s Fallschirmjäger and the Waffen-SS are also early adopters, with the Wehrmacht following on later. Most of Germany’s troops are wearing at least a camouflage tunic or poncho by late 1944-45. The British respond with the Denison smock, worn by paratroops, commandos, and the SAS. American experience with camouflage uniforms is mostly confined to the US Marines in the Pacific Theatre of Operations.)