战争的一个严重后果是消费品供应的变化;基本的和非基本的一样。法国、英国、德国和美国在冲突期间都实行配给,作为控制供应和价格的手段,尽管不同商品配给的程度差别很大。与所有配给制度一样,商品仍然必须支付,即使你有必要的优惠券,如果你没有现金,你必须离开。德国和英国都很早开始实行配给,德国在1939年8月开始实行粮食配给。英国的第一个配给项目是汽油,粮食配给从1940年1月开始。在法国的配给开始于1940年法国沦陷后的夏季之后,而美国是在1942年1月。
(One serious consequence of war is a change in the availability of consumer products; essential and non-essential alike. France, Britain, Germany, and America all enforce rationing during the conflict as a means of controlling supplies and prices, although the extent to which the different goods are rationed varies greatly. As with all rationing systems, the merchandise still has to be paid for so even if you have the necessary coupons, if you do not have the cash, you have to go without. Germany and Britain both begin rationing very early, with Germany introducing food rationing in August 1939. Britain’s first rationed item is petrol, with food rationing commencing in January 1940. In France, rationing begins in the summer of 1940 after the Fall of France, and in America in January 1942.)
由于严重依赖进口,英国必须迅速实行配给,以充分利用可能有限的资源,特别是在大西洋海战的情况下。食品配给由优惠券系统复盖,并精心构建,以确保最大数量的人获得尽可能最佳的营养价值。虽然最初是基于对某些食物的设定重量和测量,但后来在战争中引入了积分制,允许家庭在一定程度上改变他们购买的食物。家庭必须在特定的商店登记才能使用他们的优惠券。积分系统也适用于新衣服、肥皂和家具等物品。
(Heavily dependent on imports, Britain has to enforce rationing quickly to make the best of potentially limited resources, particularly in light of the Battle of the Atlantic. Food rationing is covered by a coupon system, and is carefully constructed to ensure the best possible nutritional value for the largest number of people. Although initially based on set weights and measures of certain foods, later in the war a points system is introduced, allowing families to vary what they buy to a limited degree. Families must register with a particular shop in order to use their coupons. A points system is also in place for items like new clothing, soap, and furniture.)
战争农业执行委员会(War Ag)还鼓励农民提高自己的能力,并在整个战争中大幅度提高生产力,以减少该国对进口食品的依赖。妇女协会在农村地区开设了保鲜中心,以腌制,保鲜,装瓶,并提供每种可以想象得到或想不到的食品。无论身处何地,在自由或被占领的领土上,生活在农村地区的人比获得城镇和城市的人遭受的痛苦要少,这是因为他们可以获得季节性和替代性食物,例如野味。
(The War Agricultural Executive Committee (War Ag) also encourages farmers to up their game and dramatically increase productivity throughout the war to reduce the country’s dependence on imported food. The Women’s Institute opens Preservation Centres in rural areas to pickle, preserve, bottle, and can every foodstuff imaginable, and quite a few that aren’t. Regardless of location, in free or occupied territory, those living in the countryside tend to suffer less than those in towns and cities, due to their access to seasonal and alternative food supplies, such as game.)
面包在英国没有配给,但面包师不允许新鲜出售。他们必须等待一天,以使面包不那么开胃,因此吃起来会更慢,从而有助于保护面粉供应。 在英国,美国和德国,都鼓励“胜利花园”计划以增加人们获取新鲜水果和蔬菜的机会,并将英国的所有剩余土地都用于此目的,包括皇家公园和伦敦塔的护城河。有趣的是,在此期间,由于该系统提高了较不富裕的饮食水平并遏制了富裕阶层的过剩生活,英国平民的健康状况大大改善。
(Bread is not rationed in Britain, although bakers are not allowed to sell it fresh. They must wait a day so that the bread is less appetising, and therefore will be eaten more slowly, thus helping to protect flour supplies. In Britain, America, and Germany, “victory gardens” are encouraged to increase access to fresh fruit and vegetables, with every spare bit of land in Britain being turned over to this purpose, including royal parks and the moat at the Tower of London. Interestingly, the health of Britain’s civilian population improves substantially during the period due to the system bringing up the standard of the less wealthy’s diet as well as curbing the excesses of the more well-to-do.)
德国的配给经验有时是混乱的。 阿道夫·希特勒的部队掠夺了他们入侵的国家,以回到家中养活自己和家人,但这不总是足够的。 战争开始时,由于征兵,德国农业遭受严重的劳动力短缺,又不愿招募女工,从而阻碍了收成。 与英国的配给制相比,这要复杂得多,根据其年龄和职业将平民分配到七个等级之一,而等级又决定了他们每天有权获得多少卡路里。
(Germany’s rationing experience is chaotic at times. Adolf Hitler’s troops plunder the nations they invade to feed themselves and their families back home, yet this still isn’t always enough. At the beginning of the war, German agriculture suffers from a serious labour shortfall due to conscription and a reluctance to draft women workers, hampering harvests. Far more complicated than the British rationing system, civilians are assigned to one of seven classes based on their age and occupation, which in turn determines how many calories a day they are entitled to.)
不仅有国家制度,而且还有地方制度,因为某些地区缺乏某些商品,如土豆、新鲜蔬菜和鱼。服装、纺织品和鞋子都有积分制度,但食品没有额外的积分制度。在你被允许吃饭之前,甚至必须在餐馆里交出配给券。而温斯顿·丘吉尔的英国餐厅则在配给制度之外运作,让他们的饭菜成为那些能负担得起的人的欢迎品。
(Not only is there a national system, but there are also local ones caused by a lack of certain goods, such as potatoes, fresh vegetables, and fish, in certain areas. A points system exists for clothing, textiles, and shoes, but there is no additional points system for food. Ration coupons even have to be handed over in restaurants before you are allowed to eat. Winston Churchill’s British Restaurants, on the other hand, operate outside the rationing system, making their meals a welcome top-up for those that can afford them.)
从1942年初开始,德国餐馆只允许在周一和周四供应“野战厨房”菜肴,周二和周五供应素食菜肴。直到1943年,食物还是充足的,尽管德国人民经常说他们的口粮是“沉闷的”。随着战争的继续,进口食品的难度越来越大,狗、狐狸、熊和海狸等不寻常的肉类被列入了合法允许人类食用的食品清单。
(From the beginning of 1942, German restaurants are only permitted to serve “field kitchen” dishes on Mondays and Thursdays, and vegetarian dishes on Tuesdays and Fridays. Up until 1943 there is sufficient food, although the German people frequently describe their rations as “dreary”. As the war goes on there are greater difficulties in importing food, and unusual meats such as dog, fox, bear, and beaver are added to the list of foodstuffs legally permitted for human consumption.)
随着时间的推移,在该国的外国劳工人数不断增加,这大大增加了需要养活的人口数量,使情况变得更糟。然而,无论什么样的食物都是首先提供给德国公民的,这往往使德国政权赖以生存的外国劳动力饿死。尽管实行了配给制度,但还是有人有,也没有人有,党员比工人有更好的资源,工人由于供应问题,不一定能得到全部的分配,这就造成了很大的痛苦。尽管有各种挑衅,德国人民并不像1918年那样暴乱,部分原因是该政权公然使用恐怖和镇压。
(The number of foreign labourers in the country increases as time passes making matters worse by significantly raising the number of mouths needing to be fed. However, whatever food is available always goes to German citizens first, often leaving the foreign workforce which the regime depends on for its war activities to starve to death. Despite the rationing system there are still haves and have-nots, with Party members having access to better resources than workers, and workers not always receiving their full allocations due to supply issues, leading to much bitterness. Despite all the provocations, the German people do not riot as they did in 1918, partly due to the regime’s overt use of terror and repression.)
由于德国的占领,法国的粮食短缺尤为残酷。 尽管每个公民都像德国同胞一样被分配到一个特定的阶级,但由于占领者帮助他们自己采摘农产品,而且由于强制执行外国劳工细节而使农业工人流失,粮食供应非常短缺。 食品排队很长,人们的耐心越来越薄,战斗经常爆发,导致统治军方采取惩罚性措施,往往会进一步限制食品供应。
(French food shortages are particularly brutal as a result of the country’s occupation. Although each citizen is assigned to a particular class like their German compatriots, food is in very short supply due to the occupiers helping themselves to the pick of the produce, and a loss of agricultural workers to enforced foreign labour details. Food queues are long and fights regularly break out as people’s patience wears thin, leading to punitive measures by the ruling military that tend to involve restricting food supplies even further.)
法国人以爱吃食物而闻名,他们因散发传单警告吃炖猫的危险而受到侮辱。豚鼠变得非常受欢迎,虽然不是宠物,但决心保持肉作为饮食的一部分。都市人渴望得到什么,什么,吃什么,周末乘火车去乡下寻找食物。从1941年秋天起,农村居民可以向城市家庭寄送护理包,试图缓解短缺,尽管他们身上的任何食物通常都到达一个远不能食用的状态。下午开胃酒是禁止的,因为酒越来越少,烟草配给被削减,进一步损害士气。另一方面,英国则不遗余力地保证啤酒和香烟的供应,以避免出现这样的问题。
(The French, renowned for their love of food, suffer the indignity of being issued with leaflets warning against the dangers of eating stewed cat. Guinea pigs become very popular, although not as pets, in a determined attempt to maintain meat as part of the diet. Desperate for something, anything, to eat, urbanites take the train out to the countryside at weekends to hunt for food. From the autumn of 1941, the rural population is allowed to send care packages to their urban families to try and ease shortages, although any food in them often arrives in a far from edible state. The afternoon aperitif is banned as alcohol becomes scarce, and tobacco rations are slashed, further damaging morale. Britain, on the other hand, goes to great lengths to ensure that beer and cigarette supplies are maintained to avoid just such a problem.)
以物易物作为一种不用钱或优惠券就能获得额外供给的手段,在任何地方都能使用。
(Bartering returns everywhere as a means of acquiring extra supplies without money or coupons.)
尽管在美国实行了定量配给,但这种配给的程度从来没有像欧洲那样大,配额通常确实非常慷慨。 随着农民的生产力大大提高,他们的生活变得越来越富裕,从而带来了生活水平的提高。 由于较高的工资和更长的工作时间,许多家庭的生活状况得到了改善,社会鸿沟开始缩小。 由于缺少店员,超市的数量急剧增加,货架高度降低,因此妇女可以自己拿货。
(Although rationing is introduced in America, it is never to the same extent as in Europe, with the allowances usually being very generous indeed. Farmers become much wealthier as they massively increase their productivity, leading to an accompanying improvement in their standard of living. Due to higher wages and longer hours, many households are better off, and the social divide begins to close. The number of supermarkets dramatically increases due to a shortage of store clerks, and shelf height decreases so that women can reach the goods for themselves.)
“从没想过政府会出手,出动资金来支持我们的‘piece’。 请注意,如果他们想让我们多吃土豆,补贴炸鱼薯条店肯定是一种办法。” —玛吉,伦敦,1940年9月
(“Never thought I’d see the Government putting their hands in their pockets to support our ‘piece’. Mind you, if they want us to eat more potatoes, subsidising fish’n’chip shops is certainly one way of doing it.” —Maggie, London, September 1940)
Piece: 手拿的食物,很容易在移动中吃,如面包和果酱、面包和人造黄油、鱼和薯条
(Piece: hand-held food that can easily be eaten on the move, such as bread and jam, bread and margarine, and fish and chips)
饮食不错(Good Grub)
1940年7月,英国开始了建立社区饮食中心方案的试验计划,为食客提供每道菜固定价格的三道菜套餐和热饮。丘吉尔要求他们在1941年3月改名为“英国餐馆”,因为这听起来不那么令人沮丧,而且提高了人们对美餐的期望。随着战争的进行,它们变得非常受欢迎,对于那些被炸毁的房屋中的人来说,在头48小时的食物是免费的。
(The trial scheme that leads to the establishment of the Community Feeding Centre programme begins in Britain in July 1940, providing diners with the option of a three course meal and hot drinks for a fixed price per course. Churchill demands that they be renamed “British Restaurants” in March 1941 as it sounds far less depressing and raises expectations of a good meal. They become very popular as the war progresses, and food is free for the first forty-eight hours to those who have been bombed out of their homes.)
“我看到党的信徒仍然在饱餐,而我们其他人却饿了。这对他们来说是一条规则,对我们来说是另一条规则,这很明显。 生活是艰难的,是的,但是元首一旦意识到他手下的白痴们管理国家有多么糟糕,他就会把一切都搞定。”
(“I see the Party faithful are still filling their bellies while the rest of us starve. It’s one rule for them and another for us, that much is clear. Life is difficult, yes, but the Führer will put everything right as soon as he realises how badly the idiots under him are running the country.”)
—马蒂亚斯,汉堡,1943年。
(—Matthias, Hamburg, 1943.)